Fifteen years ago this month, the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (FEC). The decision has transformed how elections are funded in the US, and its ramifications have continued to reduce the limitations on who can contribute, how they can do so, and whether they're required to disclose their contributions. The rise of "super PACs," "dark money," and their coordination with candidates arguably can all be attributed to the 5"4 decision that struck down the court's own findings in prior cases: Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce and McConnell v. Federal Election Commission (McConnell being the former Majority Leader of the US Senate Mitch McConnell).
The case originated with a conservative political action committee (PAC) that wanted to air commercials directing broadcast and cable television viewers to their film, Hillary: The Movie. Intended as a documentary covering then-Senator Hillary Clinton's career in light of her campaign for US president, Hillary: The Movie was made available via video-on-demand. Because the advertisements would run within a specific window prohibited under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA), colloquially known as the McCain-Feingold Act, Citizens United sued the Federal Election Commission on constitutional grounds, saying its First Amendment right to free speech was being infringed upon. The US District Court for the District of Columbia, where the suit was brought, found for the FEC. Citizens United appealed the case to the US Supreme Court.
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