Core AgreementsChina-Iran 25-Year Pact: Encompasses Beijing's planned investments of up to $400 billion in exchange for steady, discounted Iranian oil supplies and infrastructure integration.
Russia-Iran 20-Year Treaty: Signed by Vladimir Putin and Masoud Pezeshkian to expand long-term economic trade, energy projects, counter-terrorism, and political-military alignment.Trilateral Alignment: Links the three nations through multilateral groups like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and BRICS to counter Western sanctions and project a multipolar order.
Scope of Cooperation
Economic & Energy: Widespread evasion of Western financial and oil sanctions via shadow trade networks, discounted crude sales to China, and Iran joining the Eurasian Economic Union free trade zone.
Military & Defense: Tactical exchanges including Iranian drone provisions and manufacturing insight to Russia, reciprocal Russian military-technical hardware transfers, intelligence sharing, and joint naval drills.
Limits: The alignment intentionally stops short of a formal mutual defense commitment or military alliance, balancing shared anti-Western objectives with each country's distinct regional interests.
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