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The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the highest military decoration of the United States Armed Forces and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians, and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. There are three distinct variants of the medal: one for the Department of the Army, awarded to soldiers; one for branches of the Department of the Navy, awarded to sailors, marines, and coast guardsmen; and one for military branches of the Department of the Air Force, awarded to airmen and guardians.

There are two distinct protocols for recommending and adjudicating the Medal of Honor. The first and most common is recommendation within three years and approval within five years through the chain of command of the service member. The second method, which normally applies outside of the statute of limitations, is when a recommendation is referred to a military service by a member of the U.S. Congress, generally at the request of a constituent under 10 U.S.C. 1130. In both cases, if the proposal is outside the time limits for the recommendation, approval to waive the time limit requires a special Act of Congress. The Medal of Honor is presented by the President on behalf of, and in the name of, the Congress. Since 1980, nearly all Medal of Honor recipients"or in the case of posthumous awards, the next of kin"have been personally decorated by the president. Since 1941, more than half of the Medals of Honor have been awarded posthumously.

Six U.S. Army soldiers who hijacked a Confederate locomotive named The General in 1862 were the first Medal of Honor recipients; James J. Andrews led the raid. He was caught and hanged as a U.S. spy, but as a civilian he was not eligible to receive the medal.

from the above link:

"It is very thin, (and) does not adequately allege in my judgment any violation of the mail or wire fraud statutes (which are the indictment's key allegations)," said John C. Coffee Jr., a professor at the Columbia University Law School, in a statement.

"SPLC was under no duty to disclose to the world that it was paying secret agents to advise it about the activities of violent organizations. That it paid agents to inform it does not imply that it was supporting these organizations, even if the agents (with mixed motives) gave some of the payments to the organization."

Robertson said that organizations, including the government, regularly use confidential informants because it is an important tool to collect information about groups that actively withhold information about their activities.

In the indictment, the DOJ alleged several instances of wire fraud. But Robertson said "it doesn't seem to me there was any criminal intent at all."

"When you are paying an informant who is deeply embedded in a group that is engaged in violent activity, whether it is terrorism or others, you don't want to risk their lives by making it clear they were receiving payments," she said.

Robertson said the indictment doesn't even go as far as to allege any criminal intent to defraud financial institutions. The allegations were that SPLC tried to hide its activity from its donors.

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"That seems really problematic to me," Robertson said. "I don't believe the donors were, in any way, misled."

In the end, Robertson said the government will likely have a difficult time proving its case.

"I would be surprised if this case made it very far in the process," she said. "I would be absolutely shocked if it went all the way to a conviction. I think it will get dismissed earlier in the process."

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